Flexion is limited by the ligamenta flava, the interspinous ligaments, the supraspinous ligaments, the nuchal ligament, the posterior longitudinal ligament; it is most extensive in the cervical part of the vertebral column, primarily at the atlantooccipital joint.
Extension is limited by the anterior longitudinal ligament; it is noticeable in the cervical and lumbar part and is much less at the thoracic part of the vertebral column.
Lateral flexion is most extensive in the cervical and lumbar part of the vertebral column, combined with rotation, primarily between C2-C7.
Rotation most extensive in the cervical and thoracic part and limited at the lumbar part of the vertebral column.
